{"id":263,"date":"2019-06-06T08:32:03","date_gmt":"2019-06-06T08:32:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/?p=263"},"modified":"2022-09-21T06:54:15","modified_gmt":"2022-09-21T06:54:15","slug":"part-2-main-pollution-sources-and-what-the-future-holds-for-water-in-south-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/index.php\/2019\/06\/06\/part-2-main-pollution-sources-and-what-the-future-holds-for-water-in-south-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"PART 2 \u2013 MAIN WATER POLLUTION SOURCES AND THE EFFECT ON OUR HEALTH"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">South Africa\u2019s rainfall statistics\nfluctuates from year to year, however, the annual average rainfall is 490mm\nwhich is half of the world average. The Aquastat database of the Food and\nAgricultural Organization of the United Nation indicated that South Africa is\nranked to be the 39<sup>th<\/sup> driest country in the world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to a study undertaken by the <a>WWF, 2016<\/a>, South Africa\u2019s Renewable Water Resource falls on 843m\u00b3 per person per annum, compared to 8 other countries. South Africa has the least renewable water available per person per annum. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fff.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-264\"\/><figcaption> <strong>(Image Courtesy of NWRS 2 DWA, 2013)<\/strong> <br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Numerous assumptions can be made\nfrom the graph above, regarding the reason for the low availability of\nrenewable water resources left per person in South Africa, however, there are\ncredible facts and studies supporting the accurate reasons for this. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All the studies and conclusions lead to South Africa running out of clean water by the year 2030. It is estimated that 98% of South Africa\u2019s usable water (approximately 15 Billion m\u1d4c) supply has already been allocated to water users. 2 % of usable water resources are remaining to be allocated.&nbsp; By 2030 it is estimated that 17.7 Billion m\u1d4c will be the water demand, this is beyond the limit of what can be allocated. WWF, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ggg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-265\"\/><figcaption>  <strong>(WWF, 2016)<\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>WATER POLLUTION IN\nSOUTH AFRICA:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">South Africa\u2019s natural water\nresources are being polluted by mining, industry, agriculture, development and\nhuman settlements. We need a dramatic turn-around to address pollution levels\nand prevent further pollution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According the <strong>WWF, 2016<\/strong>, a comprehensive datasheet, indicates that of most of\nSouth African rivers and dams has scientifically deteriorated over the past 20\nyears. In some areas water resource quality poses a serios health risk to\nhumans and livestock. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The combination of a growing\npopulation, increased urbanisation, inadequate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">maintenance of freshwater and\nwastewater systems, and the long-term consequences of acid mine drainage, all\npoint to a worsening situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most prevalent contaminant\nsources affecting water quality throughout South<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Africa are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Poorly treated sewage effluent from failing\nsewage treatment works;<\/li><li>Poor sanitation in informal settlements and\nrural areas;<\/li><li>Mining and ore processing activities,\nparticularly acid mine drainage (AMD);<\/li><li>Industrial effluents containing pharmaceutical endocrine-disrupting\nchemicals<\/li><li>in the manufacturing of products such as\nshampoo, pesticides, dyes and<\/li><li>plastics; and<\/li><li>Agricultural runoff including fertilisers,\nsediment and pesticides.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Excess Nutrients:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Excess nutrients, in the form of\nnitrogen and phosphates, are the most widespread water pollutants. High\nphosphate levels do not occur naturally, and they always indicate human\nimpacts, typically from fertilisers or sewage. Wastewater treatment works in\nSouth Africa were primarily designed to deal with the breakdown of nitrogen,\nbut phosphates entering the system go largely untreated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">South Africa\u2019s rivers in their\nnatural state have very low levels of phosphate. Our rivers can assimilate and\nbuffer elevated levels of nitrogen to a certain degree, but phosphates cannot\nbe assimilated in the same way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Phosphates are a game changer,\naltering the way a river system works. Through eutrophication, they can alter\nthe composition and functioning of river systems. Algal blooms may also contain\ntoxic cyanobacteria, which pose a risk to the health of humans and animals. <strong>WWF, 2016<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Water Related Diseases: \u201cPure Water is\nthe World\u2019s First and Foremost Medicine\u201d \u2013 Slovakian Proverb<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are many different infectious\nwater-related diseases, including gastroenteritis, amoebiasis, salmonellosis,\ndysentery, cholera, typhoid fever and hepatitis A. Diarrhoea is a common\nsymptom of these diseases which can become a major health hazard in regions\nwithout well-managed sanitation, where faecal material and non-treated sewage\ngets into the water supplies. Despite a general decline in deaths as a result\nof diarrhoea over the last half century, it remains one of the most important\ncauses of illness and death in children. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poor communities have the highest\nburden of inadequate water services and consequent disease. People in\nunderserviced areas pay high prices to purchase clean, safe water and are often\nfaced with unreliable supplies. Underserviced areas are also the areas with\nsome of the highest health risks through faecal contamination and consequently\nthe key areas in which diarrhoea is most prevalent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the United Nations\nEnvironment Programme, approximately 1.4 million people die from diarrhoea and\nother preventable diseases caused by polluted water annually. <strong>WWF, 2016<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SANITATION STATISTICS IN SOUTH AFRICA: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Globally, there are 2.4 billion\npeople without access to adequate sanitation. There are 45 countries in the\nworld where less than half of the population has access to adequate sanitation\nand hygiene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In South Africa, the sanitation\nbacklog stood at 20.5 million (or 51% of all households) in 1994. The country\nhas made significant progress since then and turned this around to achieve the\nMillennium Development Goals for sanitation in 2008, but there is still\nsignificant work to be done. For example, in 2015, 4.9% of South Africans had\nno toilet at all and 19.5% of South Africans are still without an improved\nsanitation service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wastewater services delivery is\nperformed by 152 Water Services Authorities (WSAs)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">in South Africa via an\ninfrastructure network of 824 wastewater collector and treatment systems. A\ntotal operational flow of 5,128.8 Ml\/day is received at the 824 treatment\nfacilities, which have a collective hydraulic design capacity of 6,509.7 Ml\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means that 78% of the existing\ndesign capacity is currently accounted for, leaving a theoretical surplus of\n22% as available capacity for future demand, although many individual plants\nhave no surplus and run at full capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In south Africa, even though there\nare 824 sewage treatment works, less than 10% of these treatment works release\nclean water into our river resources systems. (S.Kings)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IMPACTS OF POLLUTED\nWATER ON HUMANS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many water borne diseases are spreading man to man.\nHeavy rainfall and floods are related to extreme weather and creating different\ndiseases for developed and developing countries. 10% of the population depends\non food and vegetables that are grown in contaminated water. Many waterborne\ninfectious diseases are linked with fecal pollution of water sources and\nresults in fecal-oral route of infection. Health risk associated with polluted\nwater includes different diseases such as respiratory disease, cancer,\ndiarrheal disease, neurological disorder and cardiovascular disease. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nitrogenous chemicals are responsible for cancer and\nblue baby syndrome. Mortality rate due to cancer is higher in rural areas than\nurban areas because urban inhabitants use treated water for drinking while\nrural people don\u2019t have facility of treated water and use unprocessed water<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poor quality water destroys the crop production and infects our food which is hazardous for aquatic life and human life. Pollutants disturb the food chain and heavy metals, especially iron affects the respiratory system of fishes. An iron clog into fish gills and it is lethal to fishes, when these fishes are eaten by human leads to the major health issue. Metal contaminated water leads to hair loss, liver cirrhosis, renal failure and neural disorder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/HHH.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-266\"\/><figcaption>  <strong>https:\/\/www.publichealthnotes.com\/pollution-air-water-and-land-effects-on-health-mitigation-measures-and-challenges\/<\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BACTERIAL DISEASES:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Untreated drinking water and fecal contamination of\nwater is the major cause of diarrhea. Campylobacter jejuni spread diarrhea 4%\nto 15% worldwide. Fever, abdominal pain, nausea, headache are major symptoms of\ndiarrhea. Good hygienic practices and use of antibiotics can prevent this\ndisease. Disease cholera is caused by the contaminated water. Vibrio Cholerae\nis responsible for this disease. This bacterium produces toxins in digestive\ntracts. The symptoms of this disease are watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and\nwatery diarrhea leads to dehydration and renal failure. Anti- microbial treatment\nis used to get rid of this disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Shigellosis is a bacterial disease caused by Shigella\nbacteria. It affects the digestive tract of humans and damages the intestinal\nlining. Watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and nausea are\nsymptoms and it can be cured with antibiotics and good hygienic practice.\nSalmonellosis infects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria are found in\ncontaminated water and it results in inflammation of intestine and often death\noccurs. Antibiotics are prescribed for this disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VIRAL DISEASES:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hepatitis is a viral disease caused by contaminated\nwater and infects the liver. Jaundice, loss of appetite, fatigue, discomfort\nand high fever are symptoms of hepatitis. If it persists for a long time it may\nbe fatal and results in death. Vaccine is available for hepatitis and by\nadopting good hygienic practice; one can get rid of this disease. Encephalitis\nis inflammatory disease spread by bite of infected mosquitoes. Culex mosquito\nlays their eggs in contaminated water. Most people don\u2019t show any symptoms, but\nsome symptoms are headache, high fever, muscle stiffness, convulsions however\nin severe cases coma and paralysis results. No vaccine is available for this\ndisease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poliomyelitis virus is responsible for poliomyelitis.\nSore throat, fever, nausea, constipation and diarrhea and sometimes paralysis\nare symptoms of poliomyelitis. Vaccine is available for this disease.\nGastroenteritis is caused by different viruses including rotaviruses,\nadenoviruses, calciviruses and Norwalk virus. Symptoms of gastroenteritis are\nvomiting, headache and fever. Symptoms appear 1 to 2 days after infecting.\nSickness can be dangerous among infants, young children and disabled person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PARASITIC DISEASES:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the\ncryptosporidium parvum. It is worldwide disease and symptoms are diarrhea, lose\nor watery bowls, stomach cramps and upset stomach. Cryptosporidium is resistant\nto disinfection and affects immune system and it is the cause of diarrhoea and\nvomiting in humans. Galloping amoeba is caused by the Entamoeba histolytica and\naffects stomach lining. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This parasite undergoes cyst and non-cyst form.\nInfection occurs when cyst found in contaminated water and it is swallowed.\nSymptoms are fever, chills and watery diarrhea. According to WHO, diarrheal\ncases are about 4 billion and results in 2.2 million deaths. Giardiasis is\ncaused by Giardia lamblia. Cells of intestinal lining may become injure.\nGiardia is resistant to wintry temperature and disinfectant. Sometimes it is\nknown as travelers\u2019 disease. People suffering from giardiasis have symptoms\nbloating, excess gas, watery diarrhea and weight loss. (<strong>Mehtab Haseena<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.alliedacademies.org\/articles\/water-pollution-and-human-health-7925.html#corr\">*<\/a><\/sup>,\nMuhammad Faheem Malik, Asma Javed, Sidra Arshad, Nayab Asif, Sharon Zulfiqar\nand Jaweria Hanif, July 2017)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;\u201cThousands have lived without Love, Not one\nwithout Water\u201d \u2013 W.H Auden<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>South Africa\u2019s rainfall statistics fluctuates from year to year, however, the annual average rainfall is 490mm which is half of the world average. The Aquastat database of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation indicated that South Africa is ranked to be the 39th driest country in the world. According to a study [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.7.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>PART 2 \u2013 MAIN WATER POLLUTION SOURCES AND THE EFFECT ON OUR HEALTH - biobluenviro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/index.php\/2019\/06\/06\/part-2-main-pollution-sources-and-what-the-future-holds-for-water-in-south-africa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PART 2 \u2013 MAIN WATER POLLUTION SOURCES AND THE EFFECT ON OUR HEALTH - biobluenviro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"South Africa\u2019s rainfall statistics fluctuates from year to year, however, the annual average rainfall is 490mm which is half of the world average. 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The Aquastat database of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation indicated that South Africa is ranked to be the 39th driest country in the world. 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