{"id":156,"date":"2019-04-12T10:27:50","date_gmt":"2019-04-12T10:27:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/?p=156"},"modified":"2022-09-21T06:54:15","modified_gmt":"2022-09-21T06:54:15","slug":"pompom-weed-campuloclinium-macrocephalum-less-dc-is-an-ornamental-south-american-herb-belonging-to-the-daisy-family-asteraceae-it-is-rapidly-becoming-the-most-serious-threat-to-the-conservati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biobluenviro.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/12\/pompom-weed-campuloclinium-macrocephalum-less-dc-is-an-ornamental-south-american-herb-belonging-to-the-daisy-family-asteraceae-it-is-rapidly-becoming-the-most-serious-threat-to-the-conservati\/","title":{"rendered":"Pompom weed (Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC.) is an ornamental South American herb belonging to the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is rapidly becoming the most serious threat to the conservation of grasslands in South Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Origin and Distribution <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pompom weed has a wide natural distribution that\nextends from Argentina in South America to Costa Rica and Honduras in Central\nAmerica and Mexico. How or when the plant was introduced into South Africa\nremains unknown. The earliest record in the Pretoria National Herbarium is of a\nspecimen collected in Johannesburg in 1962. Currently it is most prominent in\nGauteng, but also occurs in Mpumalanga, Limpopo, NW Province, KwaZulu-Natal, E\nCape and Free State. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The earliest record of its establishment in the\nwild is from Fountains Valley, Pretoria in the early 1960s and Westville near\nDurban in 1972. In the 1980\u2019s its distribution expanded in the Pretoria area,\nand it was also recorded from Hilton in KwaZulu-Natal and Wolkberg in Limpopo Province.\nIn the 1990\u2019s it spread further to Port St Johns in Eastern Cape, Rooiberg in\nLimpopo and Nelspruit in Mpumalanga. From 2000 to 2003 it exploded in Gauteng\nand was recorded for the first time in the Free Sate at Kroonstad. During the\nsame period there was wide spread in the Nelspruit, White River and Barberton\nareas. By 2006 it had spread to the Piet Retief area in southeastern Mpumalanga\nand Swaziland. (compiled by Lesley Henderson, Jeremy M Goodall & Hildegard Klein,\nARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, revised September 2006)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

About the Pompom Weed <\/em><\/strong>(ARC\nLNR, 2014)<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is rapidly becoming the most serious threat to\nthe conservation of grasslands in South Africa. Infestations become conspicuous\nwhen the plants are in flower between December and March, transforming the veld\nfrom green to pink. The plant initially establishes itself in disturbed sites\nsuch as roadsides, but then invades natural grasslands, open savanna and\nwetlands. This weed displaces native species, reducing both the biological\ndiversity and carrying capacity of wetlands and veld. During winter the plant\nis not visible above-ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plant has evolved to be the perfect\nopportunist. One pompom can drop 300 seeds a season. These survive any\nfluctuations in temperature and rainfall. In winter, the plants wither away and\nall that remains are the roots, keeping them safe from the veld fires that kill\noff any indigenous competition. And in spring, people unwittingly aid the\nspread of the weed by picking the flowers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pompom weed is a perennial, erect herb up to 1.5 m high. The stems and leaves are covered with rough, bristly hairs. Leaves are scattered along the length of the stem but clustered at the base to form a rosette. The plant has a short woody rootstock that ends in thick tuber-like perennial roots. In spring, shoots arise from, and in autumn die back to, the rootstock. The showy pink flowerheads (inflorescences) are produced in dense clusters at the ends of the aerial stems and look like bright-pink powderpuffs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Each flowerhead, measuring 15 mm long \u00d7 25 mm\nwide, consists of hundreds of tiny, star-shaped florets (individual\n“flowers”) surrounded by purple bracts (brightly coloured, leaf-like\nscales). A long, protruding style from each floret gives the flowerhead a\nfluffy appearance. Mature florets each produce a single-seeded dry fruit\n(achene) with a tuft of brown hairs (pappus) that promote wind dispersal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pompom weed is a listed invasive species (category 1b plant) in terms of the IAS Regulations (August 2014) of the National Environmental Management: Biodiviersity Act, (NEM:BA) (2004). It is illegal to harbour, plant, propagate or sell pompom weed. Landowners are therefore compelled to control pompom weed by whatever means are deemed appropriate.  Information courtesy of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC LNR, 2014)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Distribution Map (image courtesy of P.D. Trethowan et al. \/ South African Journal of Botany 77 2011<\/em><\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Control\nMeasures – Biological Control Methods:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liothrips\nTractabilis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The pompom thrips, Liothrips tractabilis, is native to Argentina. The insect was collected there on Campuloclinium macrocephalum<\/em> (pompom weed) in 2005 and imported to South Africa where it was cultured and tested in quarantine to demonstrate that it is host specific (does not feed or lay eggs on any other plants) and is damaging to pompom. This was shown to be the case, and permission for its release was granted by South African authorities on 18 June 2013. The first insects were released at various sites in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo and North West Provinces in the summer of 2013\/2014. These releases are on-going, . The distribution map will be completed as soon as this information is available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Life Cycle<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adult pompom thrips lay eggs either singly or in\nclumps on the stems and leaves of pompom (ii). They hatch after about 10 days\nat 25\u00b0C. The pompom thrips has three nymphal instars and two pre-adult stages.\nThe nymphal period lasts approximately 11 days, while the pre-adult stage lasts\nabout seven days. Egg to adult duration is about 28 days<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impact\non Pompom Weed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biological control represents the only long-term,\nsustainable solution for controlling pompom weed. It is hoped that the pompom\nthrips will combine synergistically with the already present pompom rust to\nmanage this weed. With its high reproductive rate and ability to disperse, the\nthrips should have a marked impact on its target. (ARC LNR, Besaans,L. 2014)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Puccinia\nEupatorii<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The pompom rust fungus, Puccinia eupatorii Dietel, was collected in 2003 in northern Argentina as a biological control agent against pompom weed (Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC.). Owing to its high specificity and virulence on pompom weed, the rust fungus was considered to be suitable for release in South Africa. However, in 2006, a rust fungus was discovered on pompom weed in the Pretoria area, and was confirmed to be the same species. Since then, pompom rust has spread through wind dispersal to most areas invaded by the weed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Image Courtesy of the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA)<\/em><\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Life Cycle<\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wind-dispersed urediniospores germinate and infect\nthe leaves and stems from the start of the summer rainfall months and continue\nuntil March. Germination occurs at tempera-tures between 15 and 20\u00b0C, with 6 to\n12 hours of high humidity. Infected leaves and stems turn yellow (iii), and the\nrust fungus becomes more visible as the brown pustules emerge on both the upper\nand lower surfaces of the leaves. Heavily infected pompom plants lose their\nleaves and dieback occurs. The pompom rust fungus overwinters as teliospores,\nreinfecting the pompom plants as they emerge at the start of summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impact\non Pompom Weed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The leaves (both sides) and stems of infected\nplants are covered with noticeable brown pustules. Heavily infected plants will\nturn yellow (iv). Unfortunately, despite the presence of this fungus, pompom\nweed populations have remained constant – largely due to the plant\u2019s perennial\nrootstock, which produces annual stems in spring (September\/October), and die back\nin autumn (May). Nevertheless, augmentative releases of the pompom rust fungus early\nin spring could potentially cause greater dieback throughout the growing season,\nresulting in less rootstock growth and seed production. (ARC LNR, Besaans,L. 2014)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Control Measures – Physical\nMethods:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

uprooting or hoeing are ineffective and make the\nproblem worse through disturbance. It is not advisable to plough lands with\npompom weed as this will damage the rootstock, stimulating further vegetative\ngrowth and denser stands. Spread of the plant can be limited by preventing seed\nproduction. Aerial stems can be cut right back before the flowers produce seed.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, be warned that the plants will be stimulated to produce more stems and in order for this method to work the plants will have to be cut back several times until the end of the growing season. Repeated cutting back of aerial growth should deplete nutrients stored in the roots, weaken the plant and limit seed production. This method however is only practical on a small scale. Where there is little pompom weed it is advisable to remove all cut stems from the roots. (ARC LNR, Besaans,L. 2014)<\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Origin and Distribution Pompom weed has a wide natural distribution that extends from Argentina in South America to Costa Rica and Honduras in Central America and Mexico. How or when the plant was introduced into South Africa remains unknown. The earliest record in the Pretoria National Herbarium is of a specimen collected in Johannesburg in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-156","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nPompom weed (Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC.) is an ornamental South American herb belonging to the daisy family, Asteraceae. 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